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S.J. Kerrigan

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My New Book, BUREAUCRATIC INSANITY is Out Now!

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: April 11, 2016

In America today, a child can be charged with battery for throwing a piece of candy at a friend or threatened with expulsion for making a “gun” gesture with their index finger. They can also be imprisoned for cutting class and placed in solitary confinement or made to share a cell with hardened adult criminals.

In the workplace, our jobs are more monotonous, repetitious and rule-ridden and less secure than ever before. We are made to answer to uncaring and even sadistic bosses, teachers and police, all of whom care much more about following rules than about helping people. The result is a society wide depression and pent-up rage.

In Bureaucratic Insanity, journalist and social critic Sean Kerrigan documents this disturbing trend toward absolutist and authoritarian behavior by dissecting the psychology of obsessive, rule-focused bureaucrats. He traces the development of bureaucracy from its origins in the early industrial revolution to the modern information age. He also examines ways of avoiding being victimized by bureaucracy gone mad.

For some examples of this phenomenon, please view this short clip which summarizes many of the examples featured in the book.

Buy the book on Amazon.com here.

(Please note that these links go to my Amazon Associate page, and allow me to collect an additional commission from the sale at no cost to you.)

Posted in News | Tagged Bureaucratic Insanity, Justice System, Psychology, Social Criticism | 2 Responses

Will We Elect Hillary After Her Many, Many War Crimes?

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: March 25, 2016

Most candidates who run for President are merely aspiring criminals. But Hillary Clinton has always been exceptional. She has the nearly unique distinction of having already been party to numerous criminal acts, some of which are so serious that just a lifetime ago she would have been hanged for less.

In the 1980s, Hillary and her husband Bill Clinton, then Arkansas governor, illegally supported the Contra rebels in Nicaragua, going as far as to allow the CIA to use an airstrip to funnel gun and drug shipments in and out of the US. Once she attained more direct power as Senator, Clinton voted to support the internationally illegal Iraq War in 2003. She still supports the PATRIOT ACT, the use of torture and warrantless surveillance. But her most serious crime occurred in 2011 when as Secretary of State she lobbied President Obama to launch an unjustified war against Libya.

To put it bluntly, the Obama administration’s invasion of Libya was the legal and moral equivalent of Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939.  Read More »

Posted in News | Tagged Clinton, Donald Trump, Election 2016, Imperial Presidency, Terrorism, War | 1 Response

The Therapeutic Power of Floating and the Death of Self

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: March 16, 2016

I carefully step in to the tank, one foot after the other, into the super thick and unusually slippery water. Once the lid is closed, I’m immersed in complete darkness. As I lay back, my body is forced upward, floating on the surface of the water. I’ve done this a few times now and my mind seems to know exactly what this is. Like a meditation, I relax immediately and focus on my breathing.

It’s all part of a new hobby I’ve undertaken called “floating.” Inside this so called ‘float tank,’ I cut myself off completely from all sensory input. Float tanks (sometimes called sensory deprivation containers) are basically very large bathtubs filled with salt-water where physical stimulation like light and sound are minimized.

I feel confident this will soon become a popular technology for both recreational and medical use. However, my interest is more eclectic. Extended and repeated use of the tank offers what can only be described as a profound mystical, even religious experience. But first, let’s discuss what floating is exactly.  Read More »

Posted in Opinion | Tagged Floating, Healthcare, Meditation, Mythology, Psychology, Religion, Social Criticism, Therapy | Leave a comment

Two Old Educational Videos

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: March 11, 2016

A few years ago, I created these two videos for an educational software program I was working on. These videos were never utilized, but I rather liked them. The footage was compiled from several dozen public domain videos downloaded from Archive.org. The music I used is under creative commons license available here. Feel free to use them for whatever reason.

The first video is titled, “Television, Books, Newspapers and Computers” and was intended to get young students thinking about how technology has changed over the last 50 years or so.

The second video is titled, “Atomic Weapons and Their Effects” which is pretty self explanatory. It was intended to prompt students to think critically about the use of nuclear weapons.

Posted in Videos | Tagged Science, Technology, War | Leave a comment

Without Meaning: A Short Essay on Young People in a Society of Pointless Rules

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: February 24, 2016

When a young person looks to an adult in a position of authority, they think, “They’re adults. So they must know something about their job.” Many young people think they know everything, but they still buy into the idea that adults have a system, that there’s a plan to the seeming absurdity of life.

Now stop and think for a second. How many adults do you know who are complete fools, totally lost, without any particular insight or direction, or sense of value that extends beyond their favorite TV show? Of course, these people are everywhere and many are in positions of power and respect.  Read More »

Posted in Opinion | Tagged Social Criticism | 1 Response

2015: The Year of the American Identity Crisis

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: November 25, 2015

Race and sexual identity now make up a good portion of all media distractions. According to political activists, “symbols of oppression” now include Halloween costumes, the Confederate flag, and the color of Starbucks coffee cups. So shallow is our collective identity, that this now defines our most passionate debate. While the global economy deteriorates and our government pursues endless conflict across the planet, this is what Americans are most concerned about.

Identity issues make the perfect media story. For the 24-hour TV and internet rage business, these symbolic, but mostly linguistic fights generate strong emotional responses while being non-threatening to advertisers or to the government.

These relatively innocuous symbols have become lightning rods for attention, while real issues go ignored. We wrote in a previous article back in June: “[R]eal problems like mass incarceration, torture, endless war, the end of privacy, and widespread poverty are ignored. This is more than just a corrupt media distracting us with meaningless trivia. Americans literally cannot tell the difference between symbols and reality.”

I have long maintained that these sham fights are a symptom of a society that collectively no longer has any sense of identity. What makes life worth living? Family? That hardly seems true for many Americans. Family cohesion has been disintegrating for some time. A few of us try to define ourselves by hard work and material gain. Maybe that works for some, but how far does that go in an economy with 46 million people on food stamps and a shrinking middle class?

Of course, many of us do cling to the material aspects of life we hope will fill the void in our lives. Consider Black Friday, now practically a national holiday of consumer excess. Where employees once took off of work to spend time with family, they now schedule time to stand in lines and acquire larger — and “smarter” — television sets.

I remember when I was growing up, the terrible Jingle All The Way movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger parodied toy crazed shoppers willing to step over one another to get a popular toy in time for Christmas. Watching it today, the scenes of barbarity in the toy stores seems more like a subdued documentary than parody.

Still, despite the increasing depravity of Americans who are willing to pummel, stab, shoot and pepper spray fellow shoppers, Black Friday sales still seem to disappoint retailers every year. It seems many of us can no longer afford to define our lives solely by electronic gadgets and other pieces of useless shit. For a while, naked consumerism was our god; now we don’t even have that.

In the past, Americans have had a strong sense of what sociologists call “negative identity” — we define ourselves by what we are not. For example, “We are not Nazis” or “We are not Communists.” The advantage of this kind of thinking is that it fortifies the national psyche against external enemies. Ultimately, it’s an unsatisfying way to live. When those enemies disappear, we seek out new villains to hate and destroy, the only meaning in life being found in death.

Historian and social critic Morris Berman writes that a negative identity “can never tell you who you actually are, in the affirmative sense. It leaves an emptiness at the center, such that you always have to be in opposition to something, or even at war with someone or something, in order to feel real.”

And, if our enemies are not sufficiently threatening, what’s left? As Chuck Palahniuk once wrote, “When we don’t know who to hate, we hate ourselves.”

The terrorist attack in Paris which killed 128 people prompted a tense reaction across the western world. If there is a similar attack in the United States with hundreds dead, we will pounce on whatever new scapegoat is offered. It will be tremendously frightening.

The government will easily rally a bloodthirsty and directionless public into supporting changes to the law that practically eliminate free speech, privacy, trial by jury and the few other protections the Constitution still provides. The security state is salivating at the potential to eliminate the last vestiges of civil liberties and envelope the nation in constant surveillance and eventually total tyranny. The key to their success is not that they promise security from terrorists, but rather they offer struggling Americans a reason to be alive — a fight against the “other.”

Usually, an identity crisis is temporary. Eventually, people discover a healthy identity for themselves and a sense of stability returns to their lives. But, under such constant political mismanagement and widespread criminality, what chance is there for a stable future? Very little it seems.


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Posted in Opinion | Tagged Psychology, Social Criticism, Terrorism | 1 Response

Disintegration

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: October 1, 2015

A parody of an original painting by Grant Wood

“One of the few good things about modern times,” Kurt Vonnegut observed, “If you die horribly on television, you will not have died in vain. You will have entertained us.”

Rarely a day goes by without another act of senseless violence occurring in the US. The motives seem to vary wildly: religious fanaticism, white supremacists trying to ignite race wars, family arguments and financial disputes to name a few. Like guerrilla revolutionaries scouring a concrete jungle, shooters can strike almost anywhere, often without warning. While clear statistics are difficult to find, the Washington Post reported that in the first 238 days of 2015, there was an average of more than one mass shooting every day.

Mass shooters often report feeling a broad existential loneliness. Nidal Hasan who killed 13 people and injured over 30 others at Fort Hood in 2009 lived alone and had few if any close friends. Last year, Elliot Rodger shot and stabbed seven people in Isla Vista, California. In a rambling video manifesto, Rodger condemned all women and said his actions were revenge for a life of “loneliness, rejection, and unfulfilled desires.” Family members of Dylann Roof, who allegedly killed nine people in a South Carolina church last June, said he had become a troubled loner in recent years. The number of similar incidents is endless. A state of perpetual sadness has settled on the country.

Social theorist Marshall McLuhan once said, “All forms of violence, whether spiritual or physical, is a quest for identity… The less identity, the more violence.” Violence is often seen as a way to bring purpose to a meaningless existence.

A person’s identity or sense of self is never formed is isolation, but is always by our relationship with other people. When our sense of communal belonging breaks down, so too does our identity. We don’t know who we are anymore, and in our madness, we think violence will provide the answer.

—

The motivation for random acts of violence committed by individuals is connected in fact, not in theory, with the regular violence sanctioned by the state. It is not a coincidence that as violence internally has grown, our government has been on a continual war footing, dominating or killing populations around the globe, transforming troubled, but peaceful nations like Iraq, Lybia and Syria into failed states.

While many are quick to condemn guns, prescription medication, or widespread poverty as the reason for mass shootings, pundits rarely make the connection with the more sanctioned forms of violence committed by the government.

Consider Officer William Wilson of Florida, who gouged a man’s eye socket with his index finger — several times —until he ripped out the victim’s right eyeball. Wilson is now serving a five-year sentence, but would have gotten away with the assault if not for the bravery of another officer who witnessed the attack.

The Miami Herald reported:

“This inmate was cowering under a blanket in the corner of his cell,” Pisciotta recalled in an interview this week. “He was an older man, very frail and mentally ill. He wasn’t trying to fight anybody. He was just scared. He was no threat to anyone.”

He saw everything that happened, and wrestled with what to do.

“I knew that it was morally wrong. They wanted us to prepare statements and not say anything. I told them I just couldn’t go along with it,” said Pisciotta.

Of course, not all police are so brutal, but there can be no doubt that the militarization of police has risen steadily with complaints of unnecessary aggression, crossing boundaries of race and class.

So common is the absence of patience and civility, it’s novel to even complain about it. On the internet, the nation’s only remaining forum for intellectual discourse, violence takes the form of demeaning insults. Venomous aggression is on display in supermarkets, in traffic, everywhere in daily life. It’s near ubiquitous. It is now the dominant coping mechanism for a life without meaning.

Violence has a paradoxical quality to it. It can only further isolate one from society. It swallows our civilization like a great flood, and–as the modernist and apocalyptic poet Yates wrote–“everywhere the ceremony of innocence is drowned.”


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Posted in Opinion | Tagged Justice System, Law Enforcement, Psychology, Social Criticism, War | Leave a comment

The Image: The New Global Language

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: September 8, 2015

babel_wtext

Two weeks after the event, we have all but forgotten about the murder of a news reporter and her cameraman during an interview on live television. The apparent shooter, Vester Flanagan, was a former coworker who had previously been fired from the station. ABC News said it was faxed a 23-page manifesto from someone claiming to be the shooter, writing that he was motivated by Dylann Roof, who allegedly shot 9 people in Charleston last June.

If Flanagan is the shooter (as is now widely believed), he did so in a revolutionary way. He maximized his media exposure by committing the act on live television and later uploaded a cell phone video of him firing on the reporter. He even live-tweeted his escape, writing, “I filmed the shooting see Facebook.” It may be the first ever post-modern murder, where the reality of the act is secondary to its broadcasted image. Murder is no longer a strictly personal act. Through images, it can animate emotions around the world.

This reminds me of a stereotype about Japanese tourists who take pictures of everything when they visit America. I’ve witnessed this behavior myself. I’ve even seen them take pictures of trashcans, never stopping to set the camera down before continuing with pictures of intersections, sidewalks, even the grass. Do they take these photos home to look at again later? To Americans, this is utterly baffling behavior, but to the Japanese the image is reality. Rather than living in the moment and enjoying it, images are as real, or maybe even more real than actually being in the present.

Here in the United States, we like to think we have a firmer grip on reality, but really we are just as enthralled by images as the Japanese. As this act of murder was transmuted by Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, photos in newspapers and TV broadcasts, the visual interpretation has taken precedence over the reality. For everyone who wasn’t actually there, the image is reality — but of course, images can be doctored. In a healthy society, reality is experienced first hand, but in an image based culture, reality is filtered through a lens.

Umberto Eco once wrote, “Mass media do not transmit ideologies; they are themselves an ideology.”  Images are so widespread, they dominate and eventually replace individual experience.

In our personal lives, the possibility of a race war in the United States seems preposterous, but through corporate control of the media, it no longer seems so impossible. The evidence is right there in front of your eyes. Intentionally or unintentionally, images have created a new reality.

Practically, the image is a powerful tool for control. Consider President Obama, who’s image is one of a measured, smart, and well-intentioned leader. Who he actually is isn’t relevant to the image based society. The image conveyed through media is the accepted reality. If you are a political opponent of Obama, attacking him and his policies are only effective if they target his image. If you said, the president is a child-murderer and war criminal — the reality — it’s totally ineffective because those facts don’t correlate with his image. Obama’s image protects him from the consequences of who he really is. In this way, the image is the establishment’s most powerful defense.

Myth and the New Universal Language

Let’s step away from the practical for a moment and consider how language empowers us.

If you are reading this, your language is in decay. Words are inherently “low context” compared to spoken language. This means they do not carry meaning as easily. The vocal inflections of your voice, your physical mannerisms, and the speed of your expression, all have an enormous impact on how you are understood by other people. When words are written down, understanding suffers as written words can be easily misunderstood.

Even though misunderstandings happen, the written word is far more efficient at communicating quickly and disseminating that information to large numbers of people. Without written words, we could not have courts of law or intrusive national governments. Written words are essential for creating complex bureaucracies.

But even more low context is the image. Images communicate extremely quickly, but without depth. This enables centralized power to control people very effectively. Images delivered through the internet or television are not benign pieces of information, but instructions.

Consider the story of Babylon told in the Book of Genesis. According to the legend, a unified humanity, speaking the same Adamic language, was able to create a structure tall enough to pierce the heavens, the Tower of Babel. Lead by the tyrant Nimrod, a grandson of Noah and a king of Shinar, mankind launched this ambitious project to protect them from God’s floods.

Nimrod is quoted in Isaiah 14:13:

“I shall scale the heavens; higher than the stars of God I shall set my throne. I shall sit on the Mount of Assembly far away to the north. I shall climb high above the clouds, I shall rival the Most High.”

Empowered by a large city and a single language, Nimrod conquer nearby territories and enslaved it’s local population. God, angered by this display, dispersed humanity and gave it many languages, assuring no such power could be reassembled.

When everyone speaks the same language, leaders like Nimrod are able to organize people in the creation of massive construction projects. By dispersing humanity and creating many languages, God made it much more difficult for humans to organize, but if the human race could ever return to a unified language, we could once again become powerful — and potentially enslaved.

Today, the image is the new “global language,” capable of both unifying and enslaving humanity. It has fulfilled the prophecy that one day we would create a new language that could once again ascend to heaven and challenge God. The image is an extension of civilization’s hubris. It does not empower us, but instead enslaves us as we construct new towers to kill God.

Through the image, our rulers have effectively changed our perception of reality to more effectively control us. As community and personal experience breaks down, the individual becomes what Lewis Mumford called the “mass man,” incapable of thinking on his own, utterly dominated by the world he believes to be reality.

Few of us really understand the power of images. Images are literally a new language, universally understood by everyone with little or no education required to understand the message. However, images are very poor at communicating the kind of depth necessary for a democracy. As we transition away from a verbal and print based society, we are slowly losing the ability to resist the image’s powerful messages. Indeed, Obama’s unquestioned popularity is evidence we are nearly there.


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Posted in Opinion | Tagged Images, Mythology, Psychology, Religion, Social Criticism | Leave a comment

Like Prometheus, the Subversive Writer is Forever Bound and Chained

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: August 31, 2015

Prometheus Brings Fire by Heinrich Friedrich Füger, 1817

In many ways, a writer is a prophet, not of the future but of the present. A writer digest reality ahead of the crowd. He or she makes sense of a senseless world and bends the links of random events into a chain that hopefully can stand up to the fabrications of history.

For the truly subversive writer, this is a nearly impossible task. The most important messages are often radical. As a result, history never records them. Old lies are reborn with every new election cycle and every new war.

When the imperial wars in Iraq, Libya, Syria and other nations around the world are exposed as monstrous and destructive, the pundits admit, “Yes, that was a bad idea,” or go silent, until the next war. The tech and real estate bubbles have been replaced by yet another bubble in government debt, especially in military spending. When the next war begins — and there will be another war — it will be to another boon to US arms manufacturers. The politicians who promise “change” like Barack Obama, deliver nothing but words. The most he and other politicians can promise is a slightly slower descent into madness.

The subversive writers predicted all of this, but no one listened. They have been exposing lies like these for thousands of years, but new generations, disadvantage by their youth, must learn the lessons of human failure anew. This is more than ironic. It seems to be a rule that history repeats, only changing terminology to suit the zeitgeist.

—

Liberal Americans are more forgetful than most. They can’t even seem to remember what happened eight years ago as they prepare again to sell their souls to another faux candidate of change, Bernie Sanders.

Sanders is a defender of the establishment, just as Obama was. Currently, his website doesn’t even have an issues statement on foreign policy, understandable since he’s been a reliable proponent of the US imperial wars. He supported the bombing of Kosovo in 1999 and repeatedly voted to fund the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Sanders also voted for a $1 billion aid package to prevent the pro-Nazi Ukranian coup from defaulting on its loans to the IMF. Just last year, Sanders even voted with Republicans to cut food stamp benefits by $90.

His objective to rally the party base and sell out to a “moderate” Democrat more fully representing the elite establishment is so obvious, it would be dishonest to call his inevitable capitulation a tragedy. Only the Democrats could manage a suicide this overt and yet still secret.

Meanwhile, despite their flirtation with the demagogue Donald Trump, Republicans are likely to back yet another candidate with even more dubious credentials, Jeb Bush. His family represents the most vicious and, yet still ineffectual leadership the American Empire has ever endured.

The Bush family fortune was created in large part by his grandfather, Prescott Bush, who financed the Nazis prior to and during World War II. His son and the 41st President of the United States, George H. W. Bush, engaged in covert operations during the 1960s (including a rather suspicious stay in Dallas in November 1963.) In the late 1970s, he was head of CIA and later an active participant in the Iran-Contra scandal. As President, Bush pardoned his co-conspirators. And of course, his son George W. Bush failed to stop 9/11 and led the United States into several wars in the middle east, including the ongoing disaster in Iraq. Couple that with the economic crisis of 2008 and the response to Hurricane Katrina. This is just the tip of a very large iceberg. Despite enormous evidence of poor character and judgment, the American people still see members of the Bush family as viable candidates.

We live in what Gore Vidal called The United States of Amnesia. Like the protagonist of the film Momento, we are utterly incapable of learning from our past mistakes. (In the film, Guy Pearce plays a man suffering from anterograde amnesia. He cannot form long term memories after the event that caused the injury. The man’s objective is to hunt down his wife’s killer, but without the ability to create new memories, he is continually betrayed and mislead.) Likewise, we want revenge against those who have hurt us, but we are continually deceived and used by politicians who claim to be allies.

Without the ability to remember our betrayals, we reinvest in false hopes, again and again. With the nation’s attention span utterly devastated, some prefer to watch ads or bite sized stories that can be consumed without deeper thought. But this hasn’t stopped the subversive writer from documenting the truth.

—

In Greek mythology, the titan Prometheus is punished by Zeus for giving fire to the human race. With fire, humans were able to defend themselves against Zeus, who was planning on exterminating them. According to the playwright Aeschylus, Prometheus also provided the human race with knowledge of the seasons, the ability to build ships, to sail by the stars, to interpret dreams and other prophecies.

Prometheus represents the subversive writer and intellectual who warns about the dangers of a tyrannical government, but is never appreciated. Instead, he is punished and persecuted for his bravery. Similar to the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden, the knowledge Prometheus provides comes with a heavy price. The Gods, angered by both Prometheus and man, later conspired to create Pandora, literally meaning “all-gift,” to spread toil and disease throughout mankind.

Prometheus has the ability of foresight. His name literally means “fore-thinker,” and he is able to extrapolate the future. Prometheus had to have known the cost of his betrayal would be high. Still, he repeatedly defied the rulers of Olympus, making him the greatest intellectual hero in Greek myth.

Today’s Zeus is Barack Obama and the gods of Olympus include the members of the national security state. Jealously, they guard their secrets. Prometheus is personified through the heroic expositions of Thomas Drake, John Kiriakou, Russell Tice, Edward Snowden, Chelsea Manning, and the hundreds of whistleblowers and writers still brave enough to oppose this increasingly totalitarian society. They know the cost and yet persist.

Chained to a rock, Prometheus is picked at daily by an eagle. Unlike Jesus Christ who died to provide salvation for the human race, Prometheus is not allowed to die. His lesson represents a “cosmic law” or something that is repeatedly true. The tragedy of Prometheus plays out every day in the United States of Amnesia. The critic is always scorned and persecuted for telling the truth. As George Orwell wrote long ago, “Truth is treason in the empire of lies.”

Reform through the electoral system is a cruel joke. The march of the techno-authoritarian state seems relentless. Future generations will look at “spreading democracy” as a murderous fraud the same way we condemn manifest destiny and white-man’s burden. And yet, we prophets of doom persist because this knowledge has value, even if few realize it. Even though we cannot stop this juggernaut, we believe future generations will benefit from our moral condemnations and perhaps, one day, know freedom again.


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Posted in Opinion | Tagged Literary Criticism, Media, Mythology, Social Criticism, Whistleblowers | 1 Response

Welcome to the Monkey House, Kurt Vonnegut (Book, 1968)

By S.J. Kerrigan | Published: August 20, 2015

Welcome to the Monkey House is a collection of Kurt Vonnegut’s early short stories. His insight into the human spirit is never tempered by the wide range of genres included within, whether he is retroflexing the boundaries of science fiction or conveying a simple love story. Almost every one can be read in about 20 minutes, but each leaves the reader with a cadre of thoughts that rattle in the soul long after.

These essays are partially a product of their time. While many of them include warnings about the dangers of technology, especially television and computers, most are optimistic about the social capabilities of Americans who, despite distractions, still appear to have a zest for life.

Even the computers of Vonnegut’s world have an irrepressible yearning for meaning and passion. In one of the book’s earliest entries, EPICAC published in 1950, Vonnegut describes a government computer with an insatiable desire to love and be loved.

“I want to be made out of protoplasm and last forever so Pat will love me,” the computer laments. “But fate has made me a machine. That is the only problem I cannot solve. That is the only problem I want to solve.”

Another favorite of mine is the underrated Euphio Question. A trio of men stumble upon a radio wave emanating from deep space which makes people perfectly docile and passive, so much so they even forget to eat. The story has a mysterious, almost X-Files like pacing, and works well as an allegory against the all consuming power of television.

Other effective stories include the well known Harrison Bergeron, which tells of a totalitarian government totally committed to enforcing mediocrity. Unready to Wear describes the ability for people of the future to disembody their consciousness, an intolerable threat to the established governments of the world.  A missing professor with telekinetic powers is the subject of Report on the Barnhouse Effect.

Most people think science fiction is a zany conception of a future which will never be, but the best fiction, and certainly the best science fiction, is what one might term a kind of speculative reality. Writers like Vonnegut take what they know to be true about life, and apply it to a vision of the future. This makes the zany vision inherently human. It is also intrinsically optimistic to think that humanity’s conceptions of love and community will continue to be relevant. Consistent with his generation, even Vonnegut’s bleakest stories communicate this cautious optimism.


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Posted in Reviews | Tagged Kurt Vonnegut, Literary Criticism | Leave a comment
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